(Adopted at the 24th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress on November 7, 2016 and revised in accordance with the "Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China" at the 18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress on October 28, 2025)

Table of Contents

Chapter I: General Provisions
Chapter II: Support and Promotion of Network Security
Chapter III: Network Operations Security
Section 1: Ordinary Provisions
Section 2: Operational Security for Critical Information Infrastructure
Chapter IV: Network Information Security
Chapter V: Monitoring, Early Warnings, and Emergency Responses
Chapter VI: Legal Responsibility
Chapter VII: Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I: General Provisions

Article 1: This law is formulated so as to ensure cybersecurity, to safeguard cyberspace sovereignty, national security and the societal public interest, to protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and to promote the healthy development of economic and social informatization.

Article 2: This law applies with respect to the construction, operation, maintenance and usage of networks, as well as cybersecurity oversight and management within the mainland territory of the People's Republic of China.

Article 3: Cybersecurity work is to uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, implement the holistic view of national security, plan for development and security, and promote the establishment of a cyber-power.

Article 4: The State persists in equally stressing cybersecurity and informatization development, and abides by the directives of active use, scientific development, management in accordance with law, and ensuring security; and advances the construction of network infrastructure and interconnectivity, encouraging innovation and application of network technology, supporting cultivation of network talent, establishing and completing systems to safeguard cybersecurity, and raising the capacity to protect cybersecurity.

Article 5: The State formulates and continuously improves a cybersecurity strategy, clarifies the fundamental requirements and primary goals of cybersecurity, and puts forward cybersecurity policies, work tasks, and procedures for key fields.

Article 6: The State takes measures for monitoring, preventing, and handling cybersecurity risks and threats arising both within and without the mainland territory of the People's Republic of China, protects critical information infrastructure against attacks, intrusions, interference and destruction; and pushes unlawful and criminal network activities in accordance with law, preserving cyberspace security and order.

Article 7: The State advocates sincere, honest, healthy and civilized network conduct; promoting dissemination of the core socialist values, adopting measures to raise the entire society's awareness and level of cybersecurity, and forming a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.

Article 8: The State actively carries out international exchange and cooperation in the areas of cyberspace governance, research and development of network technologies, formulation of standards, attacking cybercrime and illegality, and other such areas; promoting the construction of a peaceful, secure, open and cooperative cyberspace; and establishing a network governance system that is multilateral, democratic and transparent.

Article 9: The State network information departments are responsible for comprehensively planning and coordinating network security efforts and related supervision and management efforts. The State Council Departments for telecommunications, public security, and other relevant organs, are responsible for network security protection, supervision and management efforts within the scope of their responsibilities, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Network security protection, supervision and management duties for relevant departments in people's governments at the county level or above will be determined by relevant national regulations.

Article 10: Network operators carrying out business and service activities must follow the laws and administrative regulations, obey social mores and obey commercial ethics, be honest and credible, perform obligations to protect network security, accept supervision from the government and public, and bear social responsibility.

Article 11: The construction and operation of networks, or the provision of services through networks, shall be in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and with the mandatory requirements of State standards; adopting technical measures and other necessary measures to safeguard network security and operational stability, effectively responding to network security incidents, preventing cybercrimes, and unlawful activity, and preserving the integrity, secrecy and usability of online data.

Article 12: Relevant network industry organizations are to, according to their Articles of Association, strengthen industry self-discipline, formulate behavioral network security norms, guide their members in strengthening network security protection according to the law, raise the protection levels of network security, and stimulate the healthy development of the industry.

Article 13: The State protects the rights of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations to use networks in accordance with law; it promotes widespread network access, raises the level of network services, it provides secure and convenient network services to society, and guarantees the lawful, orderly and free circulation of network information.

Any person and organization using networks shall abide by the Constitution and laws, observe public order and respect social morality; they must not endanger network security, and must not use the network to engage in activities endangering national security, national honor and interests, inciting subversion of national sovereignty, the overturn of the socialist system, inciting separatism, undermining national unity, advocating terrorism or extremism, inciting ethnic hatred and ethnic discrimination, disseminating violent, obscene or sexual information, creating or disseminating false information to disrupt the economic or social order, as well as infringing on the reputation, privacy, intellectual property or other lawful rights and interests of others, and other such acts.

Article 14: The state supports research and development of network products and services conducive to the healthy upbringing of minors, lawfully punishing the exploitation of the networks to engage in activities that endanger the psychological and physical well-being of minors, and providing a safe and healthy network environment for minors.

Article 15: All individuals and organizations have the right to report conduct endangering network security to the departments for internet information, telecommunications, public security, and so forth. Departments receiving reports shall promptly process them in accordance with law; where these do not fall within the responsibilities of that department, they shall promptly transfer the matters to the department empowered to handle them.

Relevant departments shall preserve the confidentiality of the informants' information and protect the lawful rights and interests of the informant.

Chapter II: Support and Promotion of Network Security

Article 16: The State establishes and improves a system of network security standards. The State Council administrative department for standardization and other relevant State Council departments, on the basis of their individual responsibilities, organize the formulation and timely revision of relevant national and industry standards for network security management as well as for the security of network products, services and operations.

The State supports enterprises, research institutions, schools of higher learning, and network-related industry organizations to participate in the formulation of national and industry standards for network security.

Article 17: The State Council and people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and directly-governed municipalities shall make comprehensively plans; expand their input; support key network security technology industries and programs; support network security technology research and development, application and popularization; spread safe and trustworthy network products and services; protect the intellectual property rights for network technologies; and support research and development institutions, schools of higher learning, and so forth to participate in State network security technology innovation programs.

Article 18: The State advances the establishment of socialized service systems for network security, encouraging relevant enterprises and institutions to carry out network security certifications, testing, risk assessment and other such security services.

Article 19: The State encourages the development of network data security protections and utilization technologies, advancing the opening of public data resources, and promoting technological innovation, and economic and social development.

Article 20: The state is to support research and development of critical technologies such as basic theoretical research on artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithms, promoting the construction of foundational facilities such as training data resources and computing power, improving ethical regulation for AI, strengthening risk monitoring and assessment, and security regulation, and promoting the application and healthy development of AI.

The state is to support innovative means of cybersecurity management, using AI and other new technologies to increase the level of cybersecurity protections.

Article 21: All levels' of people's governments and their relevant departments shall organize and carry out regular network security publicity and education, and guide and stimulate relevant units in doing network security publicity and education work well.

The mass media shall conduct targeted network security publicity and education aimed at the public.

Article 22: The State supports enterprises, and education or training institutions such as schools of higher learning and vocational schools, in carrying out network security-related education and training, and employs multiple methods to cultivate talent in network security, and promote interaction of network security professionals.

Chapter III: Network Operations Security

Section 1: Ordinary Provisions

Article 23: The State implements a tiered system of network security protections. Network operators shall perform the following security protection duties according to the requirements of the tiered network security protection system to ensure the network avoids interference, damage or unauthorized visits, and to prevent network data leaks, theft or falsification:

(1) Formulate internal security management systems and operating rules, determine persons responsible for network security, and implement network security protection responsibility;

(2) Adopt technological measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks, network intrusions and other actions endangering network security;

(3) Adopt technological measures for monitoring and recording network operational statuses and network security incidents, and follow relevant provisions to store network logs for at least six months;

(4) Adopt measures such as data classification, back-up of important data, and encryption;

(5) Other obligations provided by law or administrative regulations.

Article 24: Network products and services shall comply with the mandatory requirements of related national standards. Providers of network products and services must not install malicious programs; when discovering that their products and services have security flaws or vulnerabilities, they shall immediately adopt remedial measures, and follow provisions to promptly inform users and report to the competent departments.

Providers of network products and services shall provide security maintenance for their products and services; and must not terminate providing security maintenance during the time limits or period agreed on with clients.

Where network products or services have functions collecting user information, their providers shall express this to users and obtain their consent; where users' personal information is involved, they shall also obey the provisions of this law and other relevant laws and administrative regulations on protection of personal information.

Article 25: Critical network equipment and specialized network security products shall follow the national standards and mandatory requirements, and be safety certified by a qualified establishment or meet the requirements of a safety inspection, before being sold or provided. The state network information departments, together with the relevant departments of the State Council, formulate and release a catalog of critical network equipment and specialized network security products, and promote reciprocal recognition of safety certifications and security inspection results to avoid duplicative certifications and inspections.

Article 26: Network operators handling network access and domain registration services for users, handling stationary or mobile phone network access, or providing users with information publication or instant messaging services, shall require users to provide real identity information when signing agreements with users or confirming provision of services. Where users do not provide real identity information, network operators must not provide them with relevant services.

The State implements a network identity credibility strategy, and supports research and development of secure and convenient electronic identity confirmation technologies, promoting reciprocal acceptance among different electronic identity confirmations.

Article 27: Network operators shall formulate emergency response plans for network security incidents, promptly addressing system vulnerabilities, computer viruses,network attacks, network incursions, and other such network security risks; and when network security incidents occur, immediately initiate the emergency response plan, adopt corresponding remedial measures, and report to the relevant competent departments in accordance with relevant provisions.

Article 28: Those carrying out network security certification, testing, risk assessment or other such activities, and publicly publishing network security information such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, network attacks, or network incursions, shall comply with relevant national provisions.

Article 29: Individuals and organizations must not engage in illegal entry of others' networks, disruption of the normal function of others' networks, theft of network data or other activities endangering network security; must not provide programs, or tools specially used in network incursions, disrupting normal network functions and protection measures, stealing network data or other acts endangering network security; and where clearly knowing that others will engage in actions endangering network security, must not provide them with help such as technological support, advertisements and promotion, or paying expenses.

Article 30: Network operators shall provide technical support and assistance to public security organs' and state security organs' lawful activities preserving national security and investigating crimes.

Article 31: The State supports cooperation between network operators in areas such as gathering, analyzing, reporting and responding to network security information, increasing the security safeguard capacity of network operators.

Relevant industry organizations are to establish and complete mechanisms for regulation and coordination of network security for their industry, strengthen their analysis and assessment of network security, and periodically conduct risk warnings for members, and shall support and coordinate members' responses to network security risks.

Article 32: Information obtained by network information departments and relevant departments performing network security protection duties can only be used as necessary for the protection of network security, and must not be used in other ways.

Section 2: Operational Security for Critical Information Infrastructure

Article 33: The State implements key protection of public communication and information services, power, traffic, water, finance, public service, electronic governance and other critical information infrastructure that if destroyed, losing function or leaking data might seriously endanger national security, national welfare and the people's livelihood, or the public interest, on the basis of their tiered protection system. The State Council will formulate the specific scope and security protection measures for critical information infrastructure.

The State encourages operators of networks outside the critical information infrastructure to voluntarily participate in the critical information infrastructure protection system.

Article 34: In accordance with the duties and division of labor provided by the State Council, departments responsible for security protection work of critical information infrastructure, are to separately compile and organize implementation of security plans for that industry or field's critical information infrastructure, and guide and supervise security protection efforts for the critical information infrastructure operations.

Article 35: The construction of critical information infrastructure shall ensure that it has properties for supporting business stability and sustaining operations, and ensure that technical security measures are planned, established and used concurrently.

Article 36: Except as provided in article 23 of this Law, the operators of critical information infrastructure shall additionally perform the following security protection duties:

(1) Set up specialized security management bodies and persons responsible for security management, and conduct security background checks on those responsible persons and personnel in critical positions;

(2) Periodically conduct network security education, technical training and skills evaluations for employees;

(3) Conduct disaster recovery backups of important systems and databases;

(4) Formulate emergency response plans for network security incidents, and periodically organize drills;

(5) Other obligations provided by law or administrative regulations.

Article 37: Critical information infrastructure information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services that might impact national security shall go through a national security review organized by the State network information departments and relevant departments of the State Council.

Article 38: Critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services shall follow relevant provisions and sign a security and confidentiality agreement with the provider, clarifying duties and responsibilities for security and confidentiality.

Article 39: Personal information and other important data collected or produced by critical information infrastructure operators during operations within the mainland territory of the People's Republic of China, shall be stored within mainland China. Where due to business requirements it is truly necessary to provide it outside the mainland, they shall follow the measures jointly formulated by the State network information departments and the relevant departments of the State Council to conduct a security assessment; but where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise, follow those provisions.

Article 40: At least once a year, critical information infrastructure operators shall conduct an inspection and assessment of their networks security and risks that might exists either personally, or through retaining a network security services establishment; and submit a network security report on the circumstances of the inspection and assessment as well as improvement measures, to be sent to the relevant department responsible for critical information infrastructure security protection efforts.

Article 41: State network information departments shall coordinate relevant departments in employing the following measures for critical information infrastructure security protection:

(1) Conduct spot testing of critical information infrastructure security risks, put forward improvement measures, and when necessary may retain a network security service establishment to conduct testing and assessment of network security risks;

(2) Periodically organize critical information infrastructure operators to conduct emergency network security response drills, increasing the level, coordination, and capacity of responses to network security incidents.

(3) Promote network security information sharing among relevant departments, critical information infrastructure operators, and also relevant research institutions, network security services establishments.

(4) Provide technical support and assistance for network security emergency management and recovery and so forth.

Chapter IV: Network Information Security

Article 42: Network operators shall strictly maintain the confidentiality of user information they collect, establish and complete user information protection systems

Network operators handling personal information shall comply with the provisions of this law, the Civil Code of the PRC, the PRC Law on the Protection of Personal Information, and other laws and administrative regulations.

Article 43: Network operators collecting and using personal information shall abide by the principles of legality, propriety and necessity; make public rules for collection and use, explicitly stating the purposes, means, and scope for collecting or using information, and obtaining the consent of the person whose data is gathered.

Network operators must not gather personal information unrelated to the services they provide; must not violate the provisions of laws, administrative regulations or agreements between the parties to gather or use personal information; and shall follow the provisions of laws, administrative regulations and agreements with users to process personal information they have stored.

Article 44: Network operators must not disclose, tamper with, or destroy personal information they gather; and, absent the consent of the person whose information was collected, must not provide personal information to others. Except, however, where it has been processed so that the specific individual is unidentifiable and cannot be recovered.

Network operators shall adopt technological measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of personal information they gather, and prevent personal information from leaking, being destroyed or lost. When the leak, destruction or loss of personal information occur, or might occur, remedial measures shall be immediately taken, and provisions followed to promptly inform users and to make report to the competent departments in accordance with regulations.

Article 45: Where individuals discover that network operators have violated the provisions of laws, administrative regulations or agreements between the parties to gather or use their personal information, they have the right to request the network operators delete their personal information; where discovering that personal information gathered or stored by network operators has errors, they have the right to request the network operators make corrections. Network operators shall employ measures for deletions and corrections.

Article 46: Individuals or organizations must not steal or use other illegal methods to acquire personal information, and must not unlawfully sell or unlawfully provide others with personal information.

Article 47: Departments lawfully having network security supervision and management duties, and their staffs, must keep personal information, private information and commercial secrets, which they learn of in performing their duties, strictly confidential, and must not leak, sell, or unlawfully provide it to others.

Article 48: All individuals and organizations shall be responsible for their use of websites and must not establish websites or communications groups for use in perpetrating fraud, imparting criminal methods, the creation or sale of prohibited or controlled items, or other unlawful activities, and websites must not be exploited to publish information related to perpetrating fraud, the creation or sale of prohibited or controlled items, or other unlawful activities.

Article 49: Network operators shall strengthen management of information published by users, and upon discovering information that the law or administrative regulations prohibits the publication or transmission of, they shall immediately stop transmission of that information, employ handling measures such as deleting it, to prevent the information from spreading, save relevant records, and report it to the relevant competent departments.

Article 50: Electronic information sent, or application software provided, by any individual or organization must not install malicious programs, and must not contain information that laws and administrative regulations prohibit the publication or transmission of.

Electronic information distribution service providers, and application software download service providers, shall perform security management duties; and where they know that their users have conduct provided for in the preceding paragraph, shall stop providing services and employ measures such as removal, store relevant records and report to the relevant competent departments.

Article 51: Network operators shall establish network information security complaint and reporting systems, publicly disclose information such as the methods for making complaints or reports, and promptly accept and handle complaints and reports relevant to network information security.

Network operators shall cooperate with network information departments and relevant departments lawful implementation of supervision and inspections.

Article 52: The State network information departments and relevant departments perform network information security supervision and management responsibilities in accordance with law; and where discovering information the release or transmission of which is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations, shall request the network operators stop transmission, employ disposition measures such as deletion, and store relevant records; for information described above that comes from outside mainland People's Republic of China, they shall notify the relevant organization to adopt technological measures and other necessary measures to block transmission.

Chapter V: Monitoring, Early Warnings, and Emergency Responses

Article 53: The state establishes systems for network security monitoring, early warnings, information communication. The State network information departments shall do overall coordination of relevant departments to strengthen collection, analysis and reporting efforts for network security information, and follow regulations for the unified release of network security monitoring and early warning information.

Article 54: Departments responsible for critical information infrastructure security protection efforts shall establish and complete that industry or that field's network security monitoring, early warning and information reporting systems, and report network security monitoring and early warning information in accordance with regulations.

Article 55: The State network information departments coordinates relevant departments' establishment and completion of mechanisms for network security risk assessment and emergency response efforts, formulates network security incident emergency response plans, and periodically organizes drills.

Departments responsible for critical information infrastructure security protection efforts shall formulate that industry or that field's network security incident emergency response plans, and periodically organize drills.

Network security incident emergency response plans shall rank network security incidents on the basis of factors such as the degree of threat after the incident occurs and the scope of impact, and provide corresponding emergency response handling measures.

Article 56: When the risk of network security incidents increases, the relevant departments of people's governments at the provincial level and above shall follow the scope of authority and procedures provided, and employ the following measures on the basis of the network security risk's characteristics and the harms it might cause:

(1) Require that relevant departments, institutions and personnel promptly gather and report relevant information, and strengthen monitoring of the occurrence of network security risks;

(2) Organize relevant departments, institutions and specialist personnel to conduct analysis and assessment of information on the network security risk, and predict the likelihood of an incident's occurrence, the scope of its impact and its level of harm;

(3) Publish network security risk warnings to the public, and publish measures for avoiding or reducing harms.

Article 57: On occurrence of a network security incident, the network security incident emergency response plan shall be immediately initiated, an evaluation and assessment of the network security incident shall be conducted, network operators shall be requested to adopt technological and other necessary measures, potential security risks shall be removed, the threat shall be prevented from growing, and warnings relevant to the public shall be promptly published.

Article 58: Where, while performing network security supervision and management duties, relevant departments of people's governments at the provincial level or above discover that networks have a relatively large security risk or the occurrence of a security incident, they may call in the legally-designated representative or responsible party for the operator of that network for a talking to, in accordance with the scope of authority and procedures provided. Network operators shall follow requirements to employ procedures, make corrections, and eliminate hidden dangers.

Article 59: Where sudden emergencies or production safety accidents occur as a result of network security incidents, they shall be handled in accordance with the provisions the "Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China" , the "Production Safety Law of the People's Republic of China", and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 60: To fulfill the need to protect national security and social public order, and respond to major social security incidents, the State Council, or the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities with approval by the State Council, may take temporary measures regarding network communications in certain regions, such as restricting it.

Chapter VI: Legal Responsibility

Article 61: Where network operators do not perform the cybersecurity protection obligations provided for in articles 23 and 27 of this Law, the relevant department in charge is to order corrections and give warnings, and may concurrently give a fine of between 10,000 and 50,000 RMB; where corrections are refused or consequences endangering cybersecurity result, a fine of between 50,000 and 500,000 RMB is to be give, and the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel are to be fined between 10,000 and 100,000 RMB.

Where critical information infrastructure operators do not fulfil the cybersecurity obligations provided for in articles 35, 36, 38, and 40 of this law, the relevant department in charge is to order corrections and give warnings, and may give a fine of between 50,000 and 100,000 RMB; where corrections are refused or consequences such as harm to cybersecurity are caused, a fine of between 100,000 and 1,000,000 RMB is to be given, and the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel are to be given fines of between 10,000 and 100,000 RMB.

Where the coduct in the preceding two paragraphs causes serious, harmful consequences for cybersecurity, such as leaking a large volume of data, or critical information infrastructure losing local functions, the relevant departments in charge are to give a fine of between 500,000 and 2,000,000 RMB, and give fines of between 50,000 and 200,000 to the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel; and where especially serious, harmful consequences for cybersecurity are caused, such as crimitcal information infrastructure losing primary functions, a fine of between 2,000,000 and 10,000,000 RMB is to be given, and the directly responsible persons in charge and other direclty responsible personnel are to be given fines of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 RMB.

Article 62: Where paragraphs 1 or 2 of article 24, or paragraph 1 of article 50 of this law are violated by any of the following conduct, the relevant departments in charge are to order corrections and give warnings; where corrections are refused or it causes endangerment to cybersecurity or other consequences, a fine of between RMB 50,000 and 500,000 is to be given; and the persons who are directly in charge are fined between RMB 10,000 and 100,000:

(1) Installing malicious programs;

(2) Failure to immediately take remedial measures for security flaws or vulnerabilities that exist in products or services, or not informing users and reporting this to the competent departments in accordance with provisions;

(3) Unauthorized ending of the provision of security maintenance for their products or services.

Where the conduct provided for in items (1) or (2) in the preceding paragraph causes the consequences provided for in article 61, paragraph 3, of this law, punishment is to be in accordance with that paragraph.

Article 63: Where Article 25 of this Law is violated by selling or providing critical network equipment or specialized cybersecurity products that have not undergone security certification or security testing, or that fail to pass such security certification or do not meet security testing requirements, the relevant competent authorities shall order the cessation of the sale or provision of such products, issue a warning, and confiscate any illegal gains. Where there are no illegal gains or the illegal gains are less than RMB 100,000, a fine of not less than RMB 20,000 but not more than RMB 100,000 shall be imposed; where the illegal gains are RMB 100,000 or more, a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of the illegal gains shall be imposed. In serious circumstances, the authorities may also order the suspension of relevant business activities, require suspension of business for rectification, revoke the relevant business permits, or revoke the business license. Where laws or administrative regulations provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.

Article 64：Where a network operator violates Paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Law by failing to require users to provide their true identity information, or by providing relevant services to users who do not provide true identity information, the relevant competent authorities shall order rectification. Where rectification is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 shall be imposed, and the authorities may also order the suspension of relevant business activities, suspension of business for rectification, closure of websites or applications, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license. The directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000.

Article 65：Where Article 28 of this Law is violated by conducting cybersecurity certification, testing, risk assessment, or other such activities, or by releasing to the public cybersecurity information such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, cyberattacks, or network intrusions, the relevant competent authorities shall order rectification and issue a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000. Where rectification is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 shall be imposed, and the authorities may also order the suspension of relevant business activities, suspension of business for rectification, closure of websites or applications, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license. The directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000.

Where the conduct described in the preceding paragraph results in the consequences specified in Paragraph 3 of Article 61 of this Law, penalties shall be imposed in accordance with that paragraph.

Article 66：Where Article 29 of this Law is violated by engaging in activities that endanger cybersecurity, providing programs or tools specifically used to engage in activities that endanger cybersecurity, or providing technical support, advertising and promotion, payment and settlement, or other assistance for others to engage in activities that endanger cybersecurity, and such conduct does not constitute a crime, the public security authorities shall confiscate the illegal gains, impose detention of up to five days, and may also impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000. Where the circumstances are relatively serious, detention of not less than five days but not more than fifteen days shall be imposed, and a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 may also be imposed.

Where an entity commits the acts described in the preceding paragraph, the public security authorities shall confiscate the illegal gains, impose a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000, and impose penalties on the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel in accordance with the preceding paragraph.

Persons who, in violation of Article 29 of this Law, have received public security administrative penalties shall not engage in cybersecurity management or key positions in network operations for five years; persons who have received criminal penalties shall be permanently prohibited from engaging in cybersecurity management or key positions in network operations.

Article 67：Where an operator of critical information infrastructure violates Article 37 of this Law by using network products or services that have not undergone security review or have failed to pass security review, the relevant competent authorities shall order rectification within a time limit, order cessation of use, and eliminate impacts on national security, and shall impose a fine of not less than one time but not more than ten times the purchase amount. The directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000.

Article 68：Where Article 48 of this Law is violated by establishing websites or communication groups for the purpose of carrying out illegal or criminal activities, or by using the network to disseminate information related to the commission of illegal or criminal activities, and such conduct does not constitute a crime, the public security authorities shall impose detention of up to five days, and may also impose a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000. Where the circumstances are relatively serious, detention of not less than five days but not more than fifteen days shall be imposed, and a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 may also be imposed. Websites or communication groups used to carry out illegal or criminal activities shall be shut down.

Where an entity commits the acts described in the preceding paragraph, the public security authorities shall impose a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 500,000, and impose penalties on the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel in accordance with the preceding paragraph.

Article 69：Where a network operator violates Article 49 of this Law by failing to stop the transmission of information prohibited by laws or administrative regulations from being published or transmitted, failing to take measures such as deletion or other disposal, failing to preserve relevant records, or failing to report to the relevant competent authorities, or violates Article 52 of this Law by failing to stop the transmission of information prohibited by laws or administrative regulations from being published or transmitted, failing to take measures such as deletion or other disposal, or failing to preserve relevant records in accordance with the requirements of the relevant authorities, the relevant competent authorities shall order rectification, issue a warning, and circulate a notice of criticism, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000. Where rectification is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 500,000 but not more than RMB 2,000,000 shall be imposed, and the authorities may also order the suspension of relevant business activities, suspension of business for rectification, closure of websites or applications, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license. The directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 200,000.

Where the conduct described in the preceding paragraph causes particularly serious impacts or particularly serious consequences, the relevant competent authorities shall impose a fine of not less than RMB 2,000,000 but not more than RMB 10,000,000, order the suspension of relevant business activities, suspension of business for rectification, closure of websites or applications, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license, and impose a fine of not less than RMB 200,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 on the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel.

Where electronic information transmission service providers or application download service providers fail to fulfill the cybersecurity management obligations specified in Paragraph 2 of Article 50 of this Law, penalties shall be imposed in accordance with the preceding two paragraphs.

Article 70: Network operators violating the provisions of this law, who exhibit any of the following conduct, will be ordered to make corrections by the relevant competent departments; where corrections are refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of between 50,000 and RMB 500,000 is given and directly responsible management personnel and other directly responsible personnel are to be fined between RMB 10,000 and RMB 100,000:

(1) Refusing or obstructing the supervision inspections carried out by relevant departments in accordance with law;

(2) Refusing to provide technical support and assistance to public security organs and national security organs.

Article 71: Those with the following conduct are to be addressed and punished in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations:

(1) Publishing or disseminating information that is prohibited from publication or transmission under paragraph 2 of Article 13 of this Law, as well as other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

(2) Violating the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 24 and Articles 43 - 45 of this Law, by infringing upon rights and interests in personal information;

(3) Operators of critical information infrastructure violating Article 39 of this Law by storing personal information and important data overseas, or by providing personal information and important data overseas.

Where article 46 of this Law is violated by stealing, or otherwise illegally obtaining personal information, or by illegally selling or illegally providing personal information to others, and a crime is not constituted, the public security organs are to give punishments in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.

Article 72: Where there is conduct violating the provisions of this law, record it in the credit archives and make it public in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 73: Where the provisions of this Law are violated, but there are circumstances for leniency, commutation, waiving penalties as provided in the Administrative Punishments Law of the PRC, the penalty is to be reduced, commuted, or waived in accordance with those provisions.

Article 74: Where state organ government affairs network operators do not perform network security protection duties as provided by this law, the organ at the level above or relevant department will order corrections; sanctions are given to the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel.

Article 75: Where the internet informatization departments and relevant departments violate the provisions of Article 32 of this Law and use information obtained in the performance of network security protection duties for other purposes, the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given sanctions in accordance with law.

Where network information departments and other relevant departments personnel neglect their duties, abuse their authority, or distort the law for personal gain, and it does not constitute a crime, sanctions are given in accordance with law.

Article 76: Where violations of the provisions of this law cause harm to others, civil liability is borne in accordance with law.

Where provisions of this Law are violated, constituting a violation of public security management, public security administrative sanctions are given in accordance with law; where a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility is pursued in accordance with law.

Article 77: Where overseas institutions, organizations, and individuals engage in activities that endanger the cybersecurity of the PRC, they will be pursued for legal responsibility in accordance with law; where serious consequences are caused, the public security department of the State Council and the relevant departments may also decide to freeze the assets or take other necessary sanctions against the institutions, organizations, or individuals.

Chapter VII: Supplemental Provisions

Article 78: The language below has the following meanings in this law:

(1) "Networks" refers to systems comprised of computers or other information terminals and related equipment that follow certain rules and procedures for information gathering, storage, transmission, exchange and processing.

(2) "Network security" refers to taking necessary measures to prevent network attacks, incursions, interference, destruction and their unlawful use, as well as unexpected accidents; to put the networks in a state of stable and reliable operation, as well as ensuring the capacity for network data to be complete, confidential and usable.

(3) "Network operators" refers to network owners, managers and network service providers.

(4) "Network data" refers to all kinds of electronic data collected, stored, transmitted, processed, and produced through networks.

(5) "personal information" refers to all kinds of information, recorded electronically or through other means, that taken alone or together with other information, is sufficient to identify a natural person's identity, including, but not limited to, natural persons' full names, birth dates, identification numbers, personal biometric information, addresses, telephone numbers, and so forth.

Article 79: Operations security protections for storing and processing networks involving state secret information, shall follow this Law and shall also uphold laws and administrative regulations on secrecy.

Article 80: Security protections for military network are formulated by the Central Military Commission.

Article 81: This Law shall go into effect June 1, 2017.